15 research outputs found

    Electroencéphalographie et interfaces cerveau-machine : nouvelles méthodes pour étudier les états mentaux

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    Avec les avancĂ©es technologiques dans le domaine de l'imagerie cĂ©rĂ©brale fonctionnelle et les progrĂšs thĂ©oriques dans la connaissance des diffĂ©rents Ă©lĂ©ments neurophysiologiques liĂ©s Ă  la cognition, les deux derniĂšres dĂ©cennies ont vu l'apparition d'interfaces cerveau-machine (ICM) permettant Ă  une personne d'observer en temps rĂ©el, ou avec un dĂ©calage qui se limite Ă  quelques secondes, sa propre activitĂ© cĂ©rĂ©brale. Le domaine clinique en gĂ©nĂ©ral, et plus particuliĂšrement celui de la neuropsychologie et des pathologies conduisant Ă  un handicap moteur lourd, pour lesquels les applications potentielles sont nombreuses qu'elles soient thĂ©rapeutiques ou en vue d'une rĂ©habilitation fonctionnelle, a constituĂ© un moteur important de la recherche sur ce nouveau domaine des neurosciences temps rĂ©el. Parmi ces applications, le neurofeedback, ou neurothĂ©rapie, qui vise l'acquisition par le sujet du contrĂŽle volontaire de certains aspects de son activitĂ© cĂ©rĂ©brale en vue de les amplifier ou au contraire les diminuer dans un but thĂ©rapeutique, voire d'optimisation cognitive, reprĂ©sente une technique prometteuse, alternative aux thĂ©rapies et traitements mĂ©dicamenteux. Cependant, la validation de ce type d'intervention et la comprĂ©hension des mĂ©canismes mis en jeux en sont encore Ă  leurs balbutiements. L'entraĂźnement par neurofeedback est souvent long, pouvant s'Ă©taler sur plusieurs semaines. Il est donc trĂšs probable que ce type de rĂ©Ă©ducation cĂ©rĂ©brale sollicite des phĂ©nomĂšnes de plasticitĂ© qui s'inscrivent dans une dynamique lente, et de ce fait, requiert une durĂ©e relativement longue d'entraĂźnement pour atteindre les effets Ă  long terme recherchĂ©s. Cependant, Ă  cela peuvent s'ajouter de nombreux Ă©lĂ©ments perturbateurs qui pourraient ĂȘtre Ă  l'origine de la difficultĂ© de l'apprentissage et des longs entraĂźnements nĂ©cessaires pour obtenir les rĂ©sultats attendus. Parmi eux, les perturbations qui viennent dĂ©former le signal enregistrĂ©, ou les Ă©lĂ©ments artefactuels qui ne font pas partie du signal d'intĂ©rĂȘt, sont une premiĂšre cause potentielle. Le manque de spĂ©cificitĂ© fonctionnelle du signal retournĂ© au sujet pourrait en constituer une deuxiĂšme. Nous avons d'une part dĂ©veloppĂ© des outils mĂ©thodologiques de traitement du signal en vue d'amĂ©liorer la robustesse des analyses des signaux EEG, principalement utilisĂ©s jusqu'Ă  maintenant dans le domaine du neurofeedback et des ICM, face aux artefacts et au bruit Ă©lectromagnĂ©tique. D'autre part, si l'on s'intĂ©resse au problĂšme de la spĂ©cificitĂ© fonctionnelle du signal prĂ©sentĂ© au sujet, des Ă©tudes utilisant l'IRM fonctionnelle ou des techniques de reconstruction de sources Ă  partir du signal EEG, qui fournissent des signaux ayant une meilleure spĂ©cificitĂ© spatiale, laissent entrevoir de possibles amĂ©liorations de la vitesse d'apprentissage. Afin d'augmenter la spĂ©cificitĂ© spatiale et la contingence fonctionnelle du feedback prĂ©sentĂ© au sujet, nous avons Ă©tudiĂ© la stabilitĂ© de la dĂ©composition de l'EEG en diffĂ©rentes sources d'activitĂ© Ă©lectrique cĂ©rĂ©brale par Analyse en Composantes IndĂ©pendantes Ă  travers diffĂ©rentes sĂ©ances d'enregistrement effectuĂ©es sur un mĂȘme sujet. Nous montrons que ces dĂ©compositions sont stables et pourraient permettre d'augmenter la spĂ©cificitĂ© fonctionnelle de l'entraĂźnement au contrĂŽle de l'activitĂ© cĂ©rĂ©brale pour l'utilisation d'une ICM. Nous avons Ă©galement travaillĂ© Ă  l'implĂ©mentation d'un outil logiciel permettant l'optimisation des protocoles expĂ©rimentaux basĂ©s sur le neurofeedback afin d'utiliser ces composantes indĂ©pendantes pour rejeter les artefacts en temps rĂ©el ou extraire l'activitĂ© cĂ©rĂ©brale Ă  entraĂźner. Ces outils sont utiles dans le cadre de l'analyse et de la caractĂ©risation des signaux EEG enregistrĂ©s, ainsi que dans l'exploitation de leurs rĂ©sultats dans le cadre d'un entraĂźnement de neurofeedback. La deuxiĂšme partie de ce travail s'intĂ©resse Ă  la mise en place de protocoles de neurofeedback et Ă  l'impact de l'apprentissage. Nous dĂ©crivons tout d'abord des rĂ©sultats obtenus sur une Ă©tude pilote qui cherche Ă  Ă©valuer chez des sujets sains l'impact d'un protocole de neurofeedback basĂ© sur le contrĂŽle du rythme Mu. Les changements comportementaux ont Ă©tĂ© Ă©tudiĂ©s Ă  l'aide d'un paradigme de signal stop qui permet d'indexer les capacitĂ©s attentionnelles et d'inhibition de rĂ©ponse motrice sur lesquelles on s'attend Ă  ce que l'entraĂźnement ICM ait une influence. Pour clore cette partie, nous prĂ©sentons un nouvel outil interactif immersif pour l'entraĂźnement cĂ©rĂ©bral, l'enseignement, l'art et le divertissement pouvant servir Ă  Ă©valuer l'impact de l'immersion sur l'apprentissage au cours d'un protocole de neurofeedback. Enfin, les perspectives de l'apport des mĂ©thodes et rĂ©sultats prĂ©sentĂ©s sont discutĂ©es dans le contexte du dĂ©veloppement des ICMs de nouvelle gĂ©nĂ©ration qui prennent en compte la complexitĂ© de l'activitĂ© cĂ©rĂ©brale. Nous prĂ©sentons les derniĂšres avancĂ©es dans l'Ă©tude de certains aspects des corrĂ©lats neuronaux liĂ©s Ă  deux Ă©tats mentaux ou classes d'Ă©tats mentaux que l'on pourrait qualifier d'antagonistes par rapport au contrĂŽle de l'attention : la mĂ©ditation et la dĂ©rive attentionnelle, en vue de leur intĂ©gration Ă  plus long terme dans un entraĂźnement ICM par neurofeedback.With new technological advances in functional brain imaging and theoretical progress in the knowledge of the different neurophysiologic processes linked to cognition, the last two decades have seen the emergence of Brain-Machine Interfaces (BCIs) allowing a person to observe in real-time, or with a few seconds delay, his own cerebral activity. Clinical domain in general, and more particularly neuropsychology and pathologies leading to heavy motor handicaps, for which potential applications are numerous, whether therapeutic or for functional rehabilitation, has been a major driver of research on this new field of real-time neurosciences. Among these applications, neurofeedback, or neurotherapy, which aims the subject to voluntary control some aspects of his own cerebral activity in order to amplify or reduce them in a therapeutic goal, or for cognitive optimization, represents a promising technique, and an alternative to drug treatments. However, validation of this type of intervention and understanding of involved mechanisms are still in their infancy. Neurofeedback training is often long, up to several weeks. It is therefore very likely that this type of rehabilitation is seeking brain plasticity phenomena that are part of slow dynamics, and thus require a relatively long drive to achieve the desired long-term effects. However, other disturbing elements that could add up to the cause of the difficulty of learning and long training sessions required to achieve the expected results. Among them, the disturbances that come from recorded signal distortions, or artifactual elements that are not part of the signal of interest, are a first potential cause. The lack of functional specificity of the signal returned to the subject could be a second one. We have developed signal processing methodological tools to improve the robustness to artifacts and electromagnetic noise of EEG signals analysis, the main brain imaging technique used so far in the field of neurofeedback and BCIs. On the other hand, if one looks at the issue of functional specificity of the signal presented to the subject, studies using functional MRI or source reconstruction methods from the EEG signal, which both provide signals having a better spatial specificity, suggest improvements to the speed of learning. Seeing Independent Component Analysis as a potential tool to increase the spatial specificity and functional contingency of the feedback signal presented to the subject, we studied the stability of Independent Component Analysis decomposition of the EEG across different recording sessions conducted on the same subjects. We show that these decompositions are stable and could help to increase the functional specificity of BCI training. We also worked on the implementation of a software tool that allows the optimization of experimental protocols based on neurofeedback to use these independent components to reject artifacts or to extract brain activity in real-time. These tools are useful in the analysis and characterization of EEG signals recorded, and in the exploitation of their results as part of a neurofeedback training. The second part focuses on the development of neurofeedback protocols and the impact of learning. We first describe the results of a pilot study which seeks to evaluate the impact of a neurofeedback protocol based on the Mu rhythm control on healthy subjects. The behavioral changes were studied using a stop signal paradigm that indexes the attentional abilities and inhibition of motor responses on which the BCI training can possibly have influence. To conclude this section, we present a new tool for immersive interactive brain training, education, art and entertainment that can be used to assess the impact of immersion on learning during a neurofeedback protocol. Finally, prospects for methods and results presented are discussed in the context of next-generation BCI development which could take brain activity complexity into account. We present the latest advances in the study of certain aspects of the neural correlates associated with two mental states or classes of mental states that could be described as antagonistic with respect to the control of attention: meditation and mind wandering, for their integration in the longer term in an BCI training using neurofeedback

    The Brainarium: An Interactive Immersive Tool for Brain Education, Art, and Neurotherapy

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    International audienceRecent theoretical and technological advances in neuroimaging techniques now allow brain electrical activity to be recorded using affordable and user-friendly equipment for nonscientist end-users. An increasing number of educators and artists have begun using electroencephalogram (EEG) to control multimedia and live artistic contents. In this paper, we introduce a new concept based on brain computer interface (BCI) technologies: the Brainarium. The Brainarium is a new pedagogical and artistic tool, which can deliver and illustrate scientific knowledge, as well as a new framework for scientific exploration. The Brainarium consists of a portable planetarium device that is being used as brain metaphor. This is done by projecting multimedia content on the planetarium dome and displaying EEG data recorded from a subject in real time using Brain Machine Interface (BMI) technologies. The system has been demonstrated through several performances involving an interaction between the subject controlling the BMI, a musician, and the audience during series of exhibitions and workshops in schools. We report here feedback from 134 participants who filled questionnaires to rate their experiences. Our results show improved subjective learning compared to conventional methods, improved entertainment value, improved absorption into the material being presented, and little discomfort

    Stability of ICA decomposition across within-subject EEG datasets.

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    International audienceIndependent Component Analysis (ICA) has been successfully used to identify brain related signals and artifacts from multi-channel electroencephalographic (EEG) data. However the stability of ICA decompositions across sessions from a single subject has not been investigated. The goal of this study was to isolate EEG independent components (ICs) across sessions for each subject so as to assess whether ICs are reproducible across sessions. We used 64-channel EEG data recorded from two subjects during a simple mind-wandering experiment. Each subject participated in 11 twenty-minute sessions over a period of five weeks. Extended Infomax ICA decomposition was performed on the continuous data of each session. We used a simple IC clustering technique based on correlation of scalp topographies. Several clusters of homogenous components were identified for each subject. Typical component clusters accounting for eye movement and eye blink artifacts were identified. Both clusters included one component from each recording session. In addition, several clusters corresponding to brain electrical sources, among them clusters exhibiting prominent alpha, beta and Mu band activities, included components from most sessions. These results present evidence that ICA can provide relatively stable solutions across sessions, with important implications for Brain Computer Interface research

    Un cas d'incarnation linguistique : implication du systĂšme moteur orofacial dans les ruminations mentales

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    International audienceDeux conceptions de la nature de la parole intĂ©rieure s'opposent sur le plan thĂ©orique. Dans la lignĂ©e de la conception incarnĂ©e du langage, l'hypothĂšse de la Simulation Motrice conçoit la parole intĂ©rieure comme un acte moteur imaginĂ©, simulĂ©. Dans la conception mentaliste du langage, les tenants de l'hypothĂšse de l'Abstraction soutiennent que la parole intĂ©rieure est abstraite, appauvrie sur le plan articulatoire, voire amodale, et ne nĂ©cessite pas l'implication du systĂšme moteur. Prenant pour cas d'Ă©tude les ruminations mentales verbales, une forme de parole intĂ©rieure nĂ©gative, rĂ©pĂ©titive, excessive et par consĂ©quent abondante, nous proposons deux tests expĂ©rimentaux de ces hypothĂšses opposĂ©es. Le premier test examine si les ruminations mentales provoquĂ©es par un paradigme classique d'induction sont associĂ©es ou non Ă  une activation motrice labiale, en mesurant l'activitĂ© Ă©lectromyographique des lĂšvres. Le deuxiĂšme test Ă©value la contraposĂ©e de l'hypothĂšse de la Simulation Motrice, c'est-Ă -dire examine l'effet de la rĂ©duction de l'activitĂ© motrice orofaciale sur les ruminations, grĂące Ă  un protocole de relaxations ciblĂ©es. Nos rĂ©sultats prĂ©liminaires semblent dans l'ensemble en faveur d'une nature incarnĂ©e et motrice des ruminations mentales. Le premier test montre en effet l'implication de la musculature labiale durant les ruminations. Le deuxiĂšme test suggĂšre que le type de rumination induit par notre paradigme peut ĂȘtre rĂ©duit en relaxant spĂ©cifiquement les muscles de la parole, tels que les muscles des lĂšvres. Des Ă©tudes complĂ©mentaires sont envisagĂ©es pour confirmer ces rĂ©sultats prĂ©liminaires, qui semblent soutenir l'hypothĂšse de la Simulation Motrice, selon laquelle la parole intĂ©rieure correspond Ă  de la parole Ă  voix haute simulĂ©e articulatoirement et inhibĂ©e avant l'exĂ©cution motrice

    Can we decode phonetic features in inner speech using surface electromyography?

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    International audienceAlthough having a long history of scrutiny in experimental psychology, it is still controversial whether wilful inner speech (covert speech) production is accompanied by specific activity in speech muscles. We present the results of a preregistered experiment looking at the electromyographic correlates of both overt speech and inner speech production of two phonetic classes of nonwords. An automatic classification approach was undertaken to discriminate between two articulatory features contained in nonwords uttered in both overt and covert speech. Although this approach led to reasonable accuracy rates during overt speech production, it failed to discriminate inner speech phonetic content based on surface electromyography signals alone. However, exploratory analyses conducted at the individual level revealed that it seemed possible to distinguish between rounded and spread nonwords covertly produced, in two participants. We discuss these results in relation to the existing literature and suggest alternative ways of testing the engagement of the speech motor system during wilful inner speech production

    Plasticity of visual attention in Isha yoga meditation practitioners before and after a 3-month retreat

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    Meditation has lately received considerable interest from cognitive neuroscience. Studies suggest that daily meditation leads to long lasting attentional and neuronal plasticity. We present changes related to the attentional systems before and after a 3 month intensive meditation retreat. We used three behavioral psychophysical tests - a Stroop task, an attentional blink task, and a global-local letter task-to assess the effect of Isha yoga meditation on attentional resource allocation. 82 Isha yoga practitioners were tested at the beginning and at the end of the retreat. Our results showed an increase in correct responses specific to incongruent stimuli in the Stroop task. Congruently, a positive correlation between previous meditation experience and accuracy to incongruent Stroop stimuli was also observed at baseline. We also observed a reduction of the attentional blink. Unexpectedly, a negative correlation between previous meditation experience and attentional blink performance at baseline was observed. Regarding spatial attention orientation as assessed using the global-local letter task, participants showed a bias toward local processing. Only slight differences in performance were found pre- vs. post- meditation retreat. Biasing toward the local stimuli in the global-local task and negative correlation of previous meditation experience with attentional blink performance is consistent with Isha practices being focused-attention practices. Given the relatively small effect sizes and the absence of a control group, our results do not allow clear support nor rejection of the hypothesis of meditation-driven neuronal plasticity in the attentional system for Isha yoga practice

    Langage Intérieur

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    International audienceCette petite voix que vous entendez dans votre tĂȘte est un phĂ©nomĂšne de la vie courante expĂ©rimentĂ© par la plupart des individus. Cette parole ou discours intĂ©rieur joue un rĂŽle central chez l’ĂȘtre humain. En effet, le langage intĂ©rieur participe Ă  plusieurs fonctions cognitives telles que le dĂ©veloppement du langage chez l’enfant, la pensĂ©e, la conscience et la conscience de soi, l’autorĂ©gulation, la mĂ©moire de travail, la mĂ©moire autobiographique, la planification de situations futures, la rĂ©solution de problĂšme, la lecture et l’écriture. Dans ce chapitre nous allons prĂ©senter les rĂ©sultats de recherches rĂ©centes s’appuyant sur des arguments comportementaux, de neuroimagerie et de neuropsychologie, issus des travaux en psychologie et neurosciences cognitives. Nous commencerons par dĂ©finir et caractĂ©riser le phĂ©nomĂšne de langage intĂ©rieur. Nous dĂ©crirons ses caractĂ©ristiques comportementales, physiologiques et cĂ©rĂ©brales, nous passerons en revue diverses manifestations objectivables du langage intĂ©rieur dans diffĂ©rents contextes d’occurrence (e.g., la lecture, l’écriture, le vagabondage verbale mental) et nous verrons comment il se dĂ©veloppe chez le nourrisson et quelle forme il prend chez les personnes sourdes utilisant la langue des signes

    Articulatory Suppression Effects on Induced Rumination

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    International audienceThis study explores whether the speech motor system is involved in verbal rumination, a particular kind of inner speech. The motor simulation hypothesis considers inner speech as an action, accompanied by simulated speech percepts, that would as such involve the speech motor system. If so, we could expect verbal rumination to be disrupted by concurrent involvement of the speech apparatus. We recruited 106 healthy adults and measured their self-reported level of rumination before and after a rumination induction, as well as after five minutes of a subsequent motor task (either an articulatory suppression -silent mouthing- task or a finger tapping control task). We also evaluated to what extent ruminative thoughts were experienced with a verbal quality or in another modality (e.g., visual images, non-speech sounds). Self-reported levels of rumination showed a decrease after both motor activities (silent mouthing and finger-tapping), with only a slightly stronger decrease after the articulatory suppression than the control task. The rumination level decrease was not moderated by the modality of the ruminative thoughts. We discuss these results within the framework of verbal rumination as simulated speech and suggest alternative ways to test the engagement of the speech motor system in verbal rumination. Pre-registered protocol, preprint, data, as well as reproducible code and figures are available at: https://osf.io/3bh67/
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